"A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, June 2000".
"This study explores missionary work as a form of colonial governance. .... Based on an analysis of texts found within the Church Missionary Society archives in Manitoba, this study examines the encounter between the Aboriginal peoples of Red River and the Anglican missionaries between 1820 and 1865. The findings show that the sustained attack on Aboriginal spirituality and kinship systems, and particularly the strategies used to transform traditional self-identities, were deeply invasive technologies of governance. The findings also show that Aboriginal resistance played a key role in both the governmental technologies of the missionaries and the eventual outcome of this encounter." -- Abstract, p. i.
Contents: Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Review of the Literature -- Analytical Framework -- Methodology -- Background -- Rationalities of Government -- Governing Through the (Attempted ) Destruction of Aboriginal Spirituality -- Governing Through Restructuring Aboriginal Kinship -- Governing Through Restructuring Gender Relations -- Governing Through Socialization of Children -- Summary and Discussion -- References.
Anglican bishops from Canada's north have sent a stiff rejoinder to bishops in Great Britain, some of whom have endorsed an anti-fur campaign. Canadian bishops say the publication of a book called "Cruelty and the Christian Conscience: Bishops Say No to Fur," violates the dignity of aboriginal peoples and threatens their way of life.
An estimated 50,000 aboriginal Canadians earn their livelihood from trapping, but they are not a threat to wildlife, the bishops say in a letter. "The most serious threat to wildlife today is not from aboriginal hunters and trappers. It is the increasing destruction of wildlife habitat by major industrial projects. The aboriginal peoples have been in the vanguard of the struggle to protect wildlife and ecosystems in northern Canada."
In fact, the bishops quote the president of the World Wildlife Fund (Canada) to buttress their case: "There is a certain hypocrisy for a group representing white society, which has wiped out hundreds of species, to now interfere with aboriginal cultures who have largely been innocent of such plunders," says Monte Hummel. The bishops' letter adds: "We find this morally unacceptable."
The letter, which is to be sent to all British bishops, is signed by the Primate of Canada, Archbishop Michael Peers, and by Bishop Tom Morgan, chair of the "Council of the North" -- bishops of nine northern dioceses with many aboriginal congregations. It affirms hunting and trapping as part of a "spiritual way of life, deeply rooted in cultural traditions."
The bishops ask their British counterparts to join in "supporting the aboriginal peoples struggle to protect their cultural traditions."
For further information contact: Doug Tindal, Director of Communications, (416) 540-3653; Tom Morgan, Bishop of Saskatchewan, (306) 763-2455.
Notes
The Most Rev. and Rt. Hon. George L. Carey
Archbishop of Canterbury
Lambeth Palace, London SE1 7JU England
Dear Archbishop Carey:
We are writing to you on behalf of the Council of the North in response to the Lynx publication, "Cruelty and Christian Conscience: Bishops Say No to Fur." The Council members include the bishops of nine Anglican dioceses with many aboriginal congregations.
In 1986 the Council issued a joint statement with the Roman Catholic Bishops in northern Canada expressing our solidarity with the aboriginal peoples in their struggle to protect fur-trapping as a way of life.
Our relationship with aboriginal peoples goes back well over 100 years. Hunting and trapping are more than a source of income. They are a spiritual way of life deeply rooted in cultural traditions. We have learned much about creation and the relationship between human beings, society and nature from our aboriginal church members.
The harvesting of wildlife is integral to the land ethic of aboriginal peoples. We affirm the biblical relationship with creation expressed by them. They have traditionally lived in harmony with their environment, harvesting wildlife while practising their own effective methods of conservation. The land and the wildlife it supports have given the aboriginal peoples their identity as distinct societies. Aboriginal leaders have stated that "traditional resource harvesting activities help us to reinforce our traditional social and cultural values, and ensures the continuation of these values for succeeding generations.
The most serious threat to wildlife today is not from aboriginal hunters and trappers. It is the increasing destruction of wildlife habitat by major industrial projects. The aboriginal peoples have been in the vanguard of the struggle to protect wildlife and ecosystems in northern Canada.
The current anti-fur campaign by Lynx and other organizations threatens the aboriginal peoples and their way of life. For thousands of years Inuit and Indians have survived by hunting and fishing according to the rhythms of animal life and the changing seasons.
In 1988, according to Environment Canada statistics, half of the estimated $1 billion fur industry represents the primary and secondary livelihood of 50,000 aboriginal Canadian trappers.
Aboriginal peoples are not out to destroy animal populations and to inflict pain and suffering. They have deep spiritual and cultural bonds with animals and retain a sense of the sacredness of all life. When an animal is taken the hunter gives thanks because that animal has given its life for the people.
The anti-fur campaign violates the dignity of aboriginal peoples and their traditions. It has given little evidence of genuine sensitivity towards aboriginal peoples in northern Canada. In fact, says Monte Hummel, president of World Wildlife Fund (Canada): "There is a certain degree of hypocrisy for a group representing white society, which has wiped out hundreds of species, to now interfere with aboriginal cultures who have largely been innocent of such plunders." We find this to be morally unacceptable.
We urge you to join with us in supporting the aboriginal peoples in their struggle to protect their cultural traditions.
Yours sincerely, Thomas O. Morgan, Bishop of Saskatchewan, Chairman, Council of the North; Michael G. Peers, Archbishop and Primate.
This letter was personally sent to all 41 bishops who signed the Lynx pledge plus all other Anglican bishops in the United Kingdom; a total of 201 bishops.
"A Children's and Cross-Generational Resource for First Nations Churches, Communities, Sunday Schools, and for Cross-Cultural Understanding". -- Cover.
"'Children of The Dancing Sun' is a publication of The United Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"Distribution is through the United Church Distribution Centre and Anglican Book Centre". -- inside front cover.
"01/02 3C". -- inside front cover.
"Permission to freely photocopy material in 'Children of The Dancing Sun' is given to First Nations congregations in The United Church of Canada. Apart from photocopying by First Nations congregations, permission to reproduce material in 'Children of The Dancing Sun' in any form must be obtained from the Faith Formation and Education Unit, The United Church of Canada, 3250 Bloor St. West, Suite 300, Etobicoke, ON M8X 2Y4. Tel: (416) 231-5931; Fax: 416-231-3103." -- inside front cover.
"Contributors: Teresa Altiman, Grafton Antone, Lee Claus, Sandi Hill, Maggie McLeod (Writers); Aleace Davidson (Dancing Sun First Nations Facilitator/Editor); Joyce Clouston Carlson (Project Editor); Jean Olthuis (Division of Mission in Canada, Staff Editor)". -- inside front cover.
"In this issue, First Nations leaders raise up 'identity', and 'learning to walk in two paths', as central and vital for all children in their communities. .... We are each part of a family and community. First Nations identity is critical to a positive self-esteem. Children need to walk in two worlds; this resource incorporates Traditional teachings and Christian teachings reflecting the ongoing need for this in church and community". -- Intro.
Contents divided into two main sections: Leader's Guide -- Session Outlines.
Contents: Introduction / Joyce Clouston Carlson, Editor -- Session Outline Chart -- Guidelines for the Use of This Material -- How to Use This Resource -- The Presence of Children in Sunday Worship / Maggie McLeod -- Identity / Aleace Davidson -- Resources and Reference Materials -- Session One: Identity: A Gift of Honour and Respect -- Session Two: A New Wat: Walking in Two Paths -- Session Three: We Are Not Alone -- Session Four: Upholding the Sacred Circle -- Session Five: Living in Harmony with Mother Earth.
Volumes 1-8 in the series have title: The Dancing Sun.
"Copyright 2003, The United Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"A Children's and Cross-Generational Resource for First Nations Churches, Communities, and Sunday Schools, and for Cross-Cultural Understanding". -- Cover.
"020338 2C". -- inside front cover.
"Permission is granted to photocopy activity sheets in this resource. Permission to freely photocopy other material in 'Children of The Dancing Sun' is given to First Nations congregations in The United Church of Canada. Apart from photocopying by First Nations congregations, permission to reproduce material in 'Children of The Dancing Sun' in any form must be obtained from the Faith Formation and Education Unit, The United Church of Canada, 3250 Bloor St. West, Suite 300, Etobicoke, ON M8X 2Y4. Tel: (416) 231-5931; Fax: 416-231-3103." -- inside front cover.
"Contributors: Staff Editor: Jean Olthuis ... Story Cards written by Lee Claus ... Story Card Art by Teresa Altiman ... Burning Bush Art, Story Two, Activity Sheet 1, by Annette Loutit ... Additional Art and Design by Lisa Rebnord.". -- inside front cover.
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents consist of four main parts: Cover sheet -- Read Me First: How to Use This Resource -- Volume XII: Leader's Guide : Journeys in Spirituality: Stories from Christian Indigenous People -- Activity Sheets and Story Cards for Stories One to Four.
"This leader's guide was originally published as 'The Dancing Sun, Volume VI".
Contents of Leader's Guide [as per Volume VI]: Editorial / Joyce Carlson, Editor -- Background for leaders -- Our hopes in developing this material -- Patterns of learning -- Guidelines in the use of this material -- Resources -- Story One: Opening Our Hearts to the Creator -- Story Two: One Road : Walking in Two Traditions -- Story Three: Respecting Different Traditions -- Story Four: Transformed Journeys.
Volumes 1-8 in the series have title: The Dancing Sun.
"Translation of: Le Christ est amerindien". -- verso of t.-p.
"Copyright 1995, Novalis-Saint Paul University, Ottawa. First published in Canada in 1995 by Novalis ... Toronto ... Published in the United States of America by Orbis Books".
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents: Introduction -- Part I: The Native American Peoples and Christianity -- The Amerindian Reality -- The Amerindian Religious Experience: Past and Present -- Amerindian Responses to Christianity -- Part II: The Hidden Face of the American Indian Christ -- "Who Do You Say I Am ? (Mk 8:29): Native People Respond -- The Sacred Pipe and Christ -- The Indian Road to Salvation -- The Universal Christ -- Conclusion -- Notes.
Author is "a member of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate". -- back cover.
"Albert Dumont (South Wind), Algonquin spiritual teacher in residence at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa, shares thoughts on the apology for spiritual harm the church caused Indigenous peoples, issued at General Synod 2019".
"The Indigenous spiritual beliefs of the Anishnabe (First Peoples) never hurt anyone ! Yet, many generations of Christians were told by their faith leaders that Indigenous spiritual beliefs were a dark and threatening cloud pushed furiously forward and locked into the minds of savages by the scalding breath of the 'devil'. Because of this and because of Canada's Christian foundation, Indigenous spirituality was outlawed until the 1950s. To me, at least, a monstrous sin was committed by Canada for making it a crime to sing a beautiful song to Creator with the help of a drum or rattle. But at last, a church has seen fit to apologize to the First Nations, Inuit and Metis peoples for the spiritual harm the actions and deeds of the church brought to Indigenous spirituality. Many segments of Christian religions are guilty, but only the Anglicans have so far admitted that their condemnation of Indigenous spirituality was wrong. The Anglicans are brave and, I believe, righteous. They are ahead of their time ! I have a relationship of mutual respect going on presently, with the Anglicans".
"'The Dancing Sun' is a joint publication of First Nations Ecumenical Liturgical Resources, the Anglican Church of Canada and The United Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"Permission to freely photocopy material in 'The Dancing Sun' is given to congregations in The United Church of Canada and parishes in The Anglican Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"1994 has been named by the United Nations as the International Year of the Family. A National Convocation of Native people in the Anglican Church of Canada in August 1993 stressed the need for strengthening families to bring healing in their communities. .... In keeping with the Year of the Family theme of the United Nations and in response to the expressed need of Native communities, the focus of this resource is strengthening the family. The workshop participants have had a variety of experiences. Phyllis Keeper served as a community teacher before becoming an ordained priest. Two members of St. Helen's parish participated: Elsie Monkman, a teacher who grew up in the rural community of Matheson Island; and Margaret Borley, a woman who enjoys working in Sunday school. Arlene Dieter-Grambois, recently ordained in the United Church, is an inner city outreach worker in Regina. Artist Annette Loutit is a student-leader a the Dr. Jessie Saulteaux Centre and a single parent deeply committed to hearing voices of youth. Jean Olthuis, Editor of 'Seeds & Sowers', assisted in planning and leading the workshop". -- Editorial.
Contents: Editorial / Joyce Carlson, Editor -- Guidelines for the use of material -- Our hopes for family resources -- Strengthening family relationships -- How to use this resource -- Resource and reference materials -- Session One: The Sacred Circle of Life -- Session Two: Valuing and affirming all family members -- Session Three: Living in Harmony in the Family -- Session Four: Confronting Conflicts and Breaking Cycles of Abuse -- Session Five: Living in Hope: Nourishing One Another.
Last page of text (p. 25) printed on inside back cover.
"Funding for development work, research of stories, meetings with people from communities was received by First Nations Liturgical Resources, History and Publications Board (Stan McKay, Alf Dumont, Laverne Jacobs) from: Fellowship of the Maple Leaf; Diocese of Rupert's Land; Regents Park United Church Foundation; and St. Stephen's Broadway Foundation". -- back cover.
Funding for editorial work on 'The Dancing Sun' Volume IV was by The Anglican Church of Canada through the Council for Native Ministries and Partnerships in Canadian Mission Unit. Distribution was through 'Blessings', Native Ministries, the Anglican Resource Centre and United Church Book Rooms. Publication was by 'Seeds & Sowers', Division of Mission in Canada, The United Church of Canada". -- back cover.
"940113". -- back cover.
Volumes 9-12 in the series have title: Children of The Dancing Sun.
"A Children's Resource for First Nations Churches, Communities, Sunday Schools, and for Cross-Cultural Understanding". -- Cover.
"'Children of The Dancing Sun' is a publication of The United Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"Distribution is through the Anglican Book Centre and United Church Book Rooms". -- inside front cover.
"09/00 5C". -- inside front cover.
"Permission to freely photocopy material in 'Children of The Dancing Sun' is given to First Nations congregations in The United Church of Canada. Apart from photocopying by First Nations congregations, permission to reproduce material in 'Children of The Dancing Sun' in any form must be obtained from the Division of Mission in Canada, The United Church of Canada, 3250 Bloor St. West, Suite 300, Etobicoke, ON M8X 2Y4. Tel: (416) 231-5931 ext. 5086; Fax: 416-232-6005." -- inside front cover.
"Contributors: Doreen Angus, Gwen Boyd, Ellen Cook, Hagar Head, Maggie McLeod, Charlotte Sullivan, and Aileen Urquart (Writers); Joyce Clouston Carlson (Project Editor) and Jean Olthuis, Division of Mission in Canada (Staff Editor)". -- inside front cover.
"Rich moments of sharing guided our considerations of the 'Holy Family'. The sacredness of creation affirmed in First Nations traditions is critical as we work together to prevent further damage to our world. .... First Nations spirituality describes the time of Advent as the time of the 'spirit moon', a time of dormancy and waiting. The arrival of Christmas brings a time of celebration, a time to light the candles, set out the feast, and share with all." -- Intro.
Contents divided into two main sections: Leader's Guide -- Session Outlines.
Contents: Introduction / Joyce Clouston Carlson, Editor -- Session Outline Chart -- Guidelines for the Use of this Material -- How to Use This Resource -- Including Children in Sunday Worship -- Resources and Reference Materials -- Session One: Watch, The Creator Comes Into Our Lives -- Session Two: Be Peace and Justice Makers -- Session Three: Live with Love and Generosity -- Session Four: Be Messengers of God -- Session Five: Celebrating Good News.
Last two pages of text (p. 71 and [72]) printed on inside back cover and back cover.
"200240". -- inside front cover.
Volumes 1-8 in the series have title: The Dancing Sun.
"'The Dancing Sun' is a joint publication of First Nations Ecumenical Liturgical Resources, History and Publications Board and The Division of Mission Canada -- 'Seeds & Sowers'". -- inside front cover.
"Permission to freely photocopy material in 'The Dancing Sun' is given to congregations in The United Church of Canada and parishes in The Anglican Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"'The Dancing Sun' was initiated by First Nations Ecumenical Liturgical Resources, History and Publications Boards, 'Seeds & Sowers' and the Dr. Jessie Saulteaux Resource Centre. This resource responds to an urgent need for resources to assist student leaders and ministers serving reserve and inner city Aboriginal communities". ... Two storybuilding workshops were held at the Dr. Jessie Saulteaux Centre in Beausejour, Manitoba in November 1991. .... Following the workshops, a draft of stories and art was circulated to both circles. Consultations with Sandy Scott of the United Church, Stewart Folster of the Presbyterian Church as well as Rev. Phyllis Keeper, Mina Stevenson, Elder Gladys Cook and the Ven. Patrick Lee of the Diocese of Rupert's Land assisted the process. Dr. Janet Silman, Biblical Studies Staff at the Jessie Saulteaux Resource Centre, and Elder Stan McKay contributed biblical understandings. Rev. Evelyn Broadfoot and Verna McKay were final readers". -- Editorial.
Contents: Editorial / Joyce Carlson, Editor -- Guidelines in the use of material / Gladys Cook, Phyllis Keeper, Stan McKay, Sr., Evelyn Broadfoot -- How to use this resource -- First Sunday of Advent -- Second Sunday of Advent -- Third Sunday of Advent -- Fourth Sunday of Advent -- Christmas Eve or Christmas Day.
"Funding for the production of 'The Dancing Sun' was by The Division of Mission, The United Church of Canada. Funding for development work, research of stories, meetings with communities was received by Liturgical Resources on behalf of the project from: Fellowship of the Maple Leaf (Anglican Church, Great Britain); Council of Native Ministries (Anglican Church of Canada); Primate's World Relief and Development Fund (Anglican Church of Canada); Urban Rural Missions (World Council of Churches); and St. Stephen's Broadway Foundation (United Church of Canada)". -- back cover.
Last page of text (p. 23) printed on inside back cover.
"920580". -- back cover.
Volumes 9-12 in the series have title: Children of The Dancing Sun.
"'The Dancing Sun' is a joint publication of First Nations Ecumenical Liturgical Resources, History and Publications Board and The Division of Mission Canada -- 'Seeds & Sowers'". -- inside front cover.
"Permission to freely photocopy material in 'The Dancing Sun' is given to congregations in The United Church of Canada and parishes in The Anglican Church of Canada". -- inside front cover.
"When the last leaves of summer were clinging to trees in autumn, a small group spent three days together to develop this resource: Phyllis Keeper, Gladys Cook and Mina Stevenson along with Laverne Jacobs, National Coordinator for Native Ministries [Anglican Church of Canada]. They were assisted by Pat Lee, Executive Archdeacon for the Diocese of Rupert's Land, Stan McKay Sr., a United Church partner, and Annette Loutit, our artist. .... The stories here relate to brokenness, loss and healing. Some stories relate to residential schools experience because that was formative in the lives of many participants .... Residential school experience touches young and old. It might be especially important for children and youth to hear these stories to help them better understand the brokenness in their own families and communities, and the theme is especially relevant to our spiritual journey in the Lent/Easter season, moving from brokenness to wholeness". -- Editorial.
Contents: Editorial / Joyce Carlson, Editor -- Guidelines in the use of material -- How to use this resource -- Community gathering for Shrove Tuesday or Ash Wednesday -- First Sunday of Lent -- Second Sunday of Lent -- Third Sunday of Lent -- Fourth Sunday of Lent -- Fifth Sunday of Lent -- Palm Sunday -- Good Friday -- Easter during the day.
Last page of text (p. 21) printed on inside back cover.
"Funding for the production of 'The Dancing Sun' was by The Division of Mission, The United Church of Canada. Funding for development work, research of stories, meetings with communities was received by Liturgical Resources on behalf of the project from: Fellowship of the Maple Leaf (Anglican Church, Great Britain); Council of Native Ministries (Anglican Church of Canada); Primate's World Relief and Development Fund (Anglican Church of Canada); Urban Rural Missions (World Council of Churches); and St. Stephen's Broadway Foundation (United Church of Canada)". -- back cover.
"930004". -- back cover.
Volumes 9-12 in the series have title: Children of The Dancing Sun.